Definition of the word “Development” and it’s concept:
- – The term “Development” signifies the qualitative and quantitative changes taking place automatically of a growing individual. Development states the overall growth like physical, mental, emotional, social etc. of an individual.
- –According to Jersild, Telford and Sawrey,” Development refers to the complex set of process involved in the the emergence of a mature functioning organism from fertilized ovum.”
- – According to E. Hurlock,”Development is not limited to growing layer. Instead, t consists of progressive series of changes towards the goal of maturity.”
Characteristics of Development:
- – Development is continuous process, it never stops during the life time of an organism.
- – It follows some sequences or patterns.
- – It reflects both the quantitative and qualitative changes.
- – Development is affected by several factors like sex, physical, intelligence, environment, society etc.
- – Development is very complex process.
- – We can predict the nature of development but can’t measure it accurately.
- – It’s a dynamic process and responsible for personality development.
- Types of Development:
- – Physical Development: we can observe physical development of a child. It includes overall motor skills like walking, jumping, catching, swimming, climbing etc. It’s largely depends on childs health and food supplements.
- – Cognitive Development: It is the development of mental skills like listening, seeing, touching, smelling, thinking, reasoning, remembering etc. We can’t observe it but can predict the rate of cognitive development through some tests or by other means.
- – Social Development: It indicates how a child adjusts with the society or friends. Various social skills that are important for a child is sharing, cooperation, patience, interaction etc.
- – Emotional Development: Emotion means the state of our mind or feeling of our mind. Emotional development in child is wide observed and it helps in personality development and other social interaction.
- – Language Development: Language development means the development of proper communication skills like speaking, writing, sign, reading etc. Language is essential for the communication and it helps in the development of other skills.
- – Moral Development: It is the development of ethics or morals. It depends on the cognitive development.
- Meaning of the word “growth”:
- – Growth refers to the physical changes of human body that are visible and touchable.
- – Growth is the increase in heigh and weight.
- – It refers to the quantitative changes.
- – It is possible to measure growth accurately.
Difference between Growth and Development:
| Growth | Development |
| It is physical changes in height, weight, length. | It is overall changes that includes growth also. |
| It is quantitative | It is qualitative |
| It does not continue throughout life. | It continues throughout life. |
| Growth may not bring development. | Development is not possible without growth. |
| It is measurable. | It is not measurable, but can be predict the rate. |
Factors responsible for growth and development:
Following factors are responsible….
- – Heridity is the biological term that refers the passes of physical and genetic characters from parents to offsprings.
- It is important for the development and growth of an organism.
- – Environment also controls the development and growth process.
- – Nutrition is essential for healthy life which influences the growth and development.
- – Sex is another factor. Boys are taller than girls. But in some aspects girls are more expert than boys.
- – Proper care is also important for normal growth and development.
Various stages of Development of Human:
General classification of various stages of human development is…
| Developmental Stages | Characteristics |
| 1. Infancy stage (0 to 2 years) | – It is the first stage of development. Increase in size, shape and weight of baby. |
| 2. Childhood stage (2 to 12 years) | – It is subdivided into two stages eg. Early childhood (2 to 6 years) and Late childhood (6 to 12 years). – In childhood rapid growth takes place. – Early childhood is called Toodler stage as teethstarts to grow. – Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory marked this stage as Latancy stage (Sexual and aggressive urges are expressed). – Child learn the value of peer relationship and acquire various skills. – Best friends are important at late childhood stage. |
| 3. Adolescence stage (2 to 18 years) | – Important period for cognitive development. – According to Stanely Hall Adolescence is the period of Stress and Storm. – During this stage adjustment and development run parallely. – Proper guidance and counselling is important during adolescence. |
| 4. Adult Stage (18 to 65 years) | – During this stage growth stops but development continues. – Mental capacity, reasoning ability and physical strength are in peak position. |
Learning:
- – Learning is the modification of human behaviour.
- – According to EL Thorndike, “Learning is a gradual process where the individiual will make many attempts to learn.”
- – According to Crow & Crow, “The learning involves in the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitudes.”
MCQs:
1. Which is correct in case of “Development”?
| a. Development occurs thoughout the life. |
| b. Development occurs upto childhood. |
| c. Development occurs upto adolescence. |
| d. Development occurs upto childhood. |
Ans: a. Development occurs thoughout the life.
2. What is the meaning of Growth?
| a. Change related to measurement |
| b. Change related to experiment |
| c. Overall development |
| d. All of the above. |
Ans: a. Change related to measurement.
3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Development?
| a. Development stops after maturity. |
| b. Development is measurable. |
| c. Development starts only after adolescence period. |
| d. All of the above. |
Ans: d. All of the above.
4. Which of the following is correct about growth?
| a. Growth does not depend on nutrition. |
| b. Growth stops the development process. |
| c. Growth is measurable. |
| d. None of the above. |
Ans: c. Growth is measurable.
5. Development starts from… [CTET June 2011]
| a. post-childhood stage. |
| b. pre-natal stage. |
| c. the stage of infancy. |
| d. pre-childhood stage. |
Ans: b. pre-natal stage.
6. Which of the following statements best sums up the relationship between
development and learning? [CTET Sept 2015]
| a. Development is independent of learning |
| b. Learning trails behind development |
| c. Learning and development are synonymous terms |
| d. Learning and development are inter-related in a complex manner. |
Ans: d. Learning and development are inter-related in a complex manner.
7.